Billy Graham at 94: Assessing the legacy of ‘America’s pastor’

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The Rev. Billy Graham turns 94 on Nov. 7, but still manages to meet with major public figures on occasion and releases periodic reflections on his life and faith. Indeed, though Graham is infirm and in virtual seclusion in his mountaintop home in North Carolina, his stature and legacy seem to grow as he ages.

billy grahamEven before the years took their physical toll, the man dubbed “America’s pastor” was considered unique in his expansive role in American religious history.

Billy Graham led more than 400 evangelical revivals, often called “crusades,” in more than 185 countries. He spent time with a dozen U.S. presidents and was considered a close adviser to a number of them.

Few believe that any religious leader will ever again be so popular with so many Americans, though Graham himself has wondered whether he should have done things a bit differently.

“I … would have steered clear of politics,” Graham told Christianity Today in an e-mail exchange in January 2011. “I’m grateful for the opportunities God gave me to minister to people in high places; people in power have spiritual and personal needs like everyone else, and often they have no one to talk to.

“But looking back I know I sometimes crossed the line, and I wouldn’t do that now,” he told the evangelical monthly that he founded in the 1950s. Graham also said that if he could go back and do anything differently he would “spend more time at home with my family, and I’d study more and preach less.”

Despite those remarks, Graham ventured into politics in a big way less than two years later, telling Republican Mitt Romney in October 2012 that “I’ll do all I can to help you” win the presidential election. Graham’s organization also scrubbed its website of a reference to Mormonism as a cult, prompting criticism from some religious leaders.

This edition of ReligionLink provides resources and experts for reporters who want to expand on Graham’s personal reflection to assess the impact of his remarkable life.

Highlights

Message: Graham is known as an emotional preacher who stuck with a simple message about Jesus’ ability to save souls.

Clean house: Graham has consistently won praise for his high ethical standards, both in his personal conduct and in his ministry. The Billy Graham Evangelistic Association has consistently been rated as one of the most efficiently run religious charities.

Global ministry: Graham is an international evangelist who preached to people in more than 185 countries and whose ministry provides resources in several languages.

Music: Billy Graham embraced contemporary Christian music before many others did. Many contemporary Christian artists who participated in his crusades, including Michael W. Smith and Toby McKeehan, can talk about his influence.

Race: Graham is known for welcoming people of different ethnicities and condemning racism. Read a newspaper column posted at BillyGraham.org in which he called racism a sin.

Politics: Graham has been called a “pastor to presidents” because he’s advised so many of them through the years. That’s brought both praise and criticism, with some saying that he allowed himself to be used for political purposes or that he failed to speak out strongly about moral crises in the White House. Graham never officially endorsed a presidential candidate, but many said he came very close with his praise of Romney in 2012 and of George W. Bush in the past.

Ecumenism: Graham welcomed people of different denominations at his crusades, including Roman Catholics. That caused some to call him a champion of ecumenism and others to criticize him for compromising his fundamentalist roots. Although Graham has remained hugely popular with the American public, many evangelical leaders distanced themselves from him, particularly at a time when there were deep doctrinal divides among Christians in this country.

Youth: Even as he became a great-grandfather, Graham continued to reach out to youth. For years he designated one night of each crusade as a “youth night.” At a time when many churches struggle to reach young people, crowds of youths responded to Graham with respect and awe, praising his traditional message as relevant to their lives.

Judaism: Graham generated controversy when comments he made about Jews in a taped 1972 conversation with President Richard Nixon surfaced. The evangelist said he didn’t remember making the comments and apologized for any harm they caused. He later issued a second and stronger apology.

Film: The Billy Graham Evangelistic Association has produced more than 125 films, including nine major motion pictures, through World Wide Pictures, originally called Billy Graham films. Read a May 29, 2002, Charity Wire story.

Background

Resources

Articles and blog posts

Awards and honors

Graham has received numerous and varied accolades over time, including:

  • Gold Award of the George Washington Carver Memorial Institute, 1964, for contribution in race relations
  • Horatio Alger Award, 1965
  • Torch of Liberty Plaque by the Anti-Defamation League of B’nai B’rith, 1969
  • Honored by Morality in Media for “fostering the principles of truth, taste, inspiration and love in media,” 1969
  • Sylvanus Thayer Award from the United States Military Academy Association of Graduates at West Point, the most prestigious award the academy gives to a U.S. citizen, 1972
  • Direct Selling Association’s Salesman of the Decade award, 1975
  • First National Interreligious Award, American Jewish Committee, 1977
  • Distinguished Communications Medal, Southern Baptist Radio and Television Commission, 1977
  • Templeton Foundation Prize for Progress in Religion, 1982
  • Presidential Medal of Freedom, the nation’s highest civilian award, 1983
  • Congressional Gold Medal (awarded to Graham and his wife, Ruth), 1996
  • The first nonmusician to be inducted into the Gospel Music Hall of Fame by the Gospel Music Association, 1999
  • Named by TIME magazine as one of the 100 most important people of the century, 1999
  • Ronald Reagan Presidential Foundation Freedom Award, 2000
  • Honorary Knight Commander of the order of the British Empire, for his international contribution to civic and religious life over 60 years, 2001
  • Since 1955, consistently named one of the Gallup Poll’s Ten Most Admired Men in the World – more than any other individual in the world

Graham’s family

Graham’s wife of 63 years, Ruth Bell Graham, died June 14, 2007. In addition to her husband, her survivors include three daughters, two sons, 19 grandchildren and numerous great-grandchildren. Billy and Ruth Graham made their home in the mountains of North Carolina. Erik Ogren is media liaison for the Billy Graham Evangelistic Association, based in Charlotte, N.C., and is contact person for all requests involving Graham or the BGEA. Contact 704-401-2117, media@bgea.org.

The public television network UNC-TV produced a program about the Graham family, Ruth and Billy Graham: What Grace Provides. It includes a timeline of the couple’s lives, details about people and events that touched them and samples of Ruth’s poetry.

The Grahams’ children:

  • Franklin Graham, the fourth child of Billy and Ruth, is president and chief executive officer of the Billy Graham Evangelistic Association and of Samaritan’s Purse, a relief organization. Read about his evangelistic festivals. His books include The Name, Living Beyond the Limits: A Life in Sync With God, and his autobiography, Rebel With A Cause: Finally Comfortable Being Graham. He lives in the mountains of North Carolina. He can be contacted through his spokesman, Mark DeMoss of the DeMoss group, which is based in Duluth, Ga., 770-813-0000 ext.225, mark@demossgroup.com.
  • Nelson Edman “Ned” Graham is the youngest of Billy and Ruth’s children. Formerly in pastoral ministry, he is president of East Gates International, which prints and distributes Bibles to Christians throughout the People’s Republic of China. He lives in Sumner, Wash. Contact 1-800-959-3464, egmi@egmi.org.
  • Ruth Graham is the third child of Billy and Ruth. Formerly acquisitions editor for HarperCollins/San Francisco and McCracken Press, she has her own speaking ministry and is a writer. She is the author of In Every Pew Sits a Broken Heart and co-author of I’m Pregnant … Now What?. She serves on the board of Birthmothers, which assists women facing unplanned pregnancies, and on the board of trustees of Mary Baldwin College, from which she graduated cum laude. Her book A Legacy of Love: Things I Learned From My Mother was published in 2005. She lives near Charlottesville, Va. Contact 877-743-7884, rgandf@comcast.net.
  • Anne Graham Lotz is the founder and president of AnGeL Ministries, a teaching and speaking ministry based in Raleigh, N.C. She leads the “Just Give Me Jesus” women’s revivals and “Pursuing MORE of Jesus” women’s retreats. Her books include Why: Trusting God When You Don’t Understand. Contact 919-787-6606 or email through the website.
  • Virginia “Gigi” Graham Tchividjian is the Grahams’ oldest daughter. She is a speaker and author of inspirational books. She lives in South Florida. Contact Erik Ogren, media liaison for the Billy Graham Evangelistic Association, 704-401-2117, media@bgea.org.

Books by Graham and his family

  • Billy Graham has written more than two dozen books, including his autobiography, Just As I Am, Peace With God: The Secret of Happiness, and How to Be Born Again.
  • Ruth Bell Graham, Billy Graham’s wife, wrote 14 books, including It’s My Turn and (co-authored with daughter Gigi) Prodigals (and Those Who Love Them).
  • Franklin Graham has authored several books, including his autobiography, Rebel With A Cause: Finally Comfortable Being Graham.
  • Ruth Graham has also written several books, including In Every Pew Sits a Broken Heart and A Legacy of Love: Things I Learned From My Mother.
  • Anne Graham Lotz’s books include Why?: Trusting God When You Don’t Understand.
  • Virginia “Gigi” Graham Tchividjian has authored or co-authored a number of books, including the memoir Passing It On: Four Generations of Graham Traditions.
  • Ruth Graham has also written several books, including In Every Pew Sits a Broken Heart and A Legacy of Love: Things I Learned From My Mother.

National sources

Regional sources

Biographers

  • David Aikman, author and former senior correspondent for TIME magazine, profiled the evangelist in Billy Graham: His Life and Influence. Aikman also wrote about Graham in Jesus in Beijing: How Christianity Is Transforming China and Changing the Global Balance of Power and A Man of Faith: The Spiritual Journey of George W. Bush. Aikman lives in Virginia. Contact davidaikman@gmail.com.
  • Roger Bruns, an independent scholar who is retired from the National Archives and Records Administration, is the author of Billy Graham: A Biography. Bruns lives in Reston, Va. Contact 703-437-4091, CEBruns@aol.com.
  • Popular novelist Patricia Cornwell, whose books include the Kay Scarpetta mystery series, grew up down the road from Billy and Ruth Graham in Montreat, N.C. Cornwell is the author of Ruth, A Portrait: The Story of Ruth Bell Graham. She lives in Manhattan and South Carolina. Contact her through her literary agent, Esther Newberg at International Creative Management, at literary@icmtalent.com.
  • British television host Sir David Frost‘s books include Billy Graham in Conversation with David Frost: A Candid But Objective Look at One of This Century’s Most Admired – and Criticised – Public Figures. Contact him through his agent, Nick Ranceford-Hadley, in London, 020-7836 3941, nhadley@noelgay.com.
  • TIME magazine journalists Nancy Gibbs and Michael Duffy are co-authors of the best-selling book The Preacher and the Presidents: Billy Graham in the White House. Contact through publicist Amber Hildebrand, 703-879-5862, or email the authors at nancyrgibbs@gmail.com or michaelrwduffy@gmail.com.
  • William Martin is the Harry and Hazel Chavanne Emeritus Professor of Religion and Public Policy in the sociology department at Rice University in Houston, and senior scholar in the university’s James A. Baker III Institute for Public Policy. His books include A Prophet With Honor: The Billy Graham Story and With God on Our Side: The Rise of the Religious Right in America. Read a Beliefnet.com commentary he wrote regarding Graham’s comments about Jews made in a 1972 conversation with President Richard Nixon. Contact 713-517-4831, wcm@rice.edu or wcm@wmartin.com.
  • Bill McKay and Ken Abraham wrote Billy: The Untold Story of a Young Billy Graham and the Test of Faith That Almost Changed Everything, which was also the basis for a film that McKay produced. The book focuses on Graham’s early years and his friendship with a fellow evangelist who became an atheist. Contact the authors through publisher Thomas Nelson, 615-902-2320.
  • The Rev. John Charles Pollock of Devon, England, is the official biographer of Billy Graham and the author of The Billy Graham Story, the revised and updated edition of To All the Nations. Contact Zondervan publicist Vicki Cessna, 616-698-3214,vicki.cessna@zondervan.com.
  • Gerald S. Strober and Deborah Hart Strober wrote A Day in the Life of Billy Graham: Living the Message. Contact 212-734-5656, hartstrober@iopener.net.
  • Grant Wacker is a professor of church history at Duke University Divinity School in Durham, N.C. He specializes in the history of evangelicalism, Pentecostalism and world missions. He is working on a biography to be titled Billy Graham and the Making of Heartland America. Contact 919-660-3462, gwacker@div.duke.edu.

Billy Graham Evangelistic Association resources

  • Erik Ogren is media liaison for the Billy Graham Evangelistic Association, based in Charlotte, N.C., and is contact person for all requests involving Graham or the BGEA. Contact 704-401-2117, media@bgea.org.
  • A. Larry Ross is president of A. Larry Ross Communications, based in Dallas, and has directed media/public relations for Graham since 1981. Contact 972-267-1111, media@alarryross.com.

Scholarly resources on evangelism

  • Randall Balmer is a professor of American religious history at Barnard College, Columbia University, in New York City. He was executive producer, writer and host of Crusade: The Life of Billy Graham, a PBS documentary that has been broadcast in A&E’s “Biography” series. Balmer’s books include, as co-author, Religion in American Life: A Short History and Protestantism in America and, as author, The Encyclopedia of Evangelicalism and Religion in Twentieth Century America. His latest is The Making of Evangelicalism: From Revivalism to Politics and Beyond (2010). Contact 212-854-3292, rb281@columbia.edu.
  • David Edwin Harrell Jr. is a professor emeritus at Auburn University in Auburn, Ala., and has published extensively on American religious history, including a chapter on “American Revivalism from Graham to Robertson” for Modern Christian Revivals. Contact harrede@auburn.edu.
  • Darryl Glenn Hart is adjunct professor of church history at Westminster Seminary California in Escondido and director of academic programs at the Intercollegiate Studies Institute in Wilmington, Del. His books include Deconstructing Evangelicalism: Conservative Protestantism in the Era of Billy Graham, Refurnishing the Public Square: Religion and Public Policy in America and That Old-Time Religion in Modern America: Evangelical Protestantism in the Twentieth Century. He lives in Philadelphia. Contact 302-652-4600,dhart@isi.org or dghart@earthlink.net.
  • Mark Noll is Francis A. McAnaney Professor of History at the University of Notre Dame. His expertise includes American religious history. Noll previously taught at Wheaton College in Illinois, site of the Billy Graham Center. Noll’s books include American Evangelical Christianity: An Introduction and, as co-editor, More Money, More Ministry: Money and Evangelicals in Recent North American History. Contact 574-631-7574, Mark.Noll.8@nd.edu.
  • John G. Stackhouse Jr. is Sangwoo Youtong Chee Professor of Theology and Culture at Regent College, an international graduate school of Christian studies at the University of British Columbia in Vancouver. He frequently comments on religion and contemporary culture. His essay “Billy Graham and the Nature of Conversion: A Paradigm Case” is included in his book Evangelical Landscapes: Facing Critical Issues of the Day. Contact 604-221-3323, jgs@regent-college.edu.
  • L. Roy Taylor serves on the executive committee of the National Association of Evangelicals, which includes 43,000 congregations from 50 member denominations, individual congregations from an additional 27 denominations and 250 parachurch ministries and educational institutions. Contact 202-789-1011.
  • Robert Wuthnow is director of the Center for the Study of Religion at Princeton University and a frequently cited commentator on the sociology of religion, his specialty. He edited the Encyclopedia of Politics and Religion. Contact 609-258-2044, wuthnow@princeton.edu.

Regional sources

STATE BY STATE

IN THE NORTHEAST

  • George F. Bennett is chairman emeritus and a longtime member of the board at Gordon-Conwell Theological Seminary in South Hamilton, Mass., which Graham co-founded. Bennett was for many years a partner of Boston’s State Street Research and Management Co., president/director of State Street Investment Corp. and treasurer of Harvard College. He has served as a director of corporations such as Ford Motor Co. and Hewlett-Packard and as a trustee of Wheaton College and the Billy Graham Evangelistic Association. He is a knowledgeable source on Graham, the contributions of the Billy Graham Evangelistic Association and the role Graham played in the founding of Gordon-Conwell. Contact through Michael Colaneri, Gordon-Conwell’s director of communications and marketing, 978-646-4064 or 978-810-0384, mcolaneri@gcts.edu.
  • Robert Coleman is Distinguished Professor of Discipleship and Evangelism at Gordon-Conwell Theological Seminary. For many years, Coleman directed the School of World Mission and Evangelism at Trinity Evangelical Divinity School while also serving as dean of the Billy Graham International Schools of Evangelism and director of the Billy Graham Institute at Wheaton College. He is a founding member of the Lausanne Committee for World Evangelism and past president of the Academy for Evangelism in Theological Education. Among his many books is the classic The Master Plan of Evangelism, first published in 1963; Graham wrote the foreword. Contact 978-646-4120, rcoleman@gcts.edu, or contact Michael Colaneri, Gordon-Conwell’s director of communications and marketing, 978-646-4064 or 978-810-0384,mcolaneri@gcts.edu.
  • Alan Wolfe is director of the Boisi Center for Religion and American Public Life at Boston College in Chestnut Hill, Mass. His books include The Transformation of American Religion: How We Actually Live Our Faith, which focuses on the impact of evangelicals on American religious culture. Contact 617-552-1862, wolfe@bc.edu.

IN THE EAST

  • Michael Cromartie heads the Evangelicals in Civic Life program at the Ethics and Public Policy Center in Washington. Contact 202-682-1200, crom@eppc.org.
  • Michael G. Long is an associate professor of religious studies and peace and conflict studies at Elizabethtown College in Pennsylvania. He edited The Legacy of Billy Graham: Critical Reflections, a collection of essays examining the evangelist’s impact on mainline Christianity and American civil religion, and is the author of Billy Graham and the Beloved Community: America’s Evangelist and the Dream of Martin Luther King Jr. Contact 717-361-1240, longm@etown.edu.
  • Jim Wallis is a widely quoted Christian author and commentator and founder of Sojourners magazine, a periodical that promotes social change through Christian values. In 1995, Wallis helped found Call to Renewal, a national federation of churches, denominations and faith-based organizations from across the theological and political spectrum working to overcome poverty. He has praised Billy Graham’s social conscience. Contact Wallis through Tim King, 202-745-4636 or tking@sojo.net and media@sojo.net.

IN THE SOUTHEAST

  • James Guth is William R. Kenan Jr. professor of political science at Furman University in Greenville, S.C. He has written widely on the emergence of Christian conservatives in the political arena. Contact 864-294-3330, jim.guth@furman.edu.
  • James Davison Hunter is LaBrosse-Levinson Distinguished Professor of Religion, Culture and Social Theory at the University of Virginia in Charlottesville. He wrote Evangelicalism: The Coming Generation. Contact 434-924-6524, jdh6c@virginia.edu.
  • Laura R. Olson is a political science professor at Clemson University in South Carolina. She is co-editor of the book Christian Clergy in American Politics. Contact 864-656-1457, laurao@clemson.edu.
  • Mark J. Rozell is professor of public policy at George Mason University in Arlington, Va. His writings about Christians and politics include, as co-editor,The Values Vote?: The Christian Right and the 2004 Elections. Contact 703-993-8171, mrozell@gmu.edu.

IN THE SOUTH

  • Allison Calhoun-Brown is associate professor of political science at Georgia State University in Atlanta. She specializes in religion and politics. Contact 404-651-4836,polacb@panther.gsu.edu.
  • Kenneth J. Collins studies American Christianity at the Asbury Theological Seminary in Wilmore, Ky. He can comment on the evolution of evangelicalism in the United States. Contact 859-858-3581 ext. 2368 or 2213.
  • Thomas Lansford is a professor of political science and academic dean at the University of Southern Mississippi, Gulf Coast. He wrote about Graham for the Encyclopedia of American Religion and Politics. Contact 228-214-3291, tom.lansford@usm.edu.
  • Charles H. Lippy holds the LeRoy A. Martin Distinguished Professorship of Religious Studies at the University of Tennessee at Chattanooga, where he is a professor of philosophy and religion. He has written extensively on American religious history, including Pluralism Comes of Age: American Religious Culture in the Twentieth Century; and Modern American Popular Religion; and, as co-author, The Evangelicals: A Historical, Thematic, and Biographical Guide. Contact 423-425-4340, charles-lippy@utc.edu.
  • Wilfred M. McClay holds the SunTrust Bank Chair of Excellence in Humanities at the University of Tennessee at Chattanooga and is a widely published author on religion in America. Contact 423-755-5202, Bill-McClay@utc.edu.
  • R. Albert Mohler Jr. is president of the Southern Baptist Theological Seminary in Louisville, Ky., and hosts a weekday call-in radio program. In 2001, he chaired the executive committee of the Greater Louisville Billy Graham Crusade. Mohler’s blog often mentions Graham. Contact 502-897-4121, mohler@sbts.edu.

IN THE MIDWEST

  • Joel A. Carpenter is a history professor at Calvin College in Grand Rapids, Mich., and director of its Nagel Institute for the Study of World Christianity. He is a former director of the Institute for the Study of American Evangelicalism. His books include Revive Us Again: The Reawakening of American Fundamentalism. Contact 616-526-7155, jcarpent@calvin.edu.
  • Jay R. Howard is dean of the College of Liberal Arts and Sciences at Butler University in Indianapolis, Ind., and a former Christian radio disc jockey. He is co-author of Apostles of Rock: The Splintered World of Contemporary Christian Music. Howard can talk about Graham’s encouragement of contemporary Christian music. Contact 317-940-9224, jrhoward@butler.edu.
  • Thomas P. Johnston is associate professor of evangelism at Midwestern Baptist Theological Seminary in Kansas City, Mo., and is the author of Examining Billy Graham’s Theology of Evangelism. Johnston founded Evangelism Unlimited. Contact tjohnston@mbts.edu or tom@evangelismunlimited.org.
  • Steven P. Miller teaches history at Webster University and Washington University in St. Louis. He is the author of Billy Graham and the Rise of the Republican South (2009) and several articles and book chapters about Graham, including a 2006 article for George Mason University’s History News Network titled “Billy Graham: Have Journalists Given Us an Accurate Picture?” Contact 314-853-5495, millersp1977@gmail.com.
  • William D. Romanowski is a professor of communication arts and sciences at Calvin College and can talk about Graham’s appeal to youth. Contact 616-526-8527, romw@calvin.edu.
  • Ronald A. Simkins directs the Kripke Center for the Study of Religion and Society at Creighton University in Omaha, Neb. He is general editor of the cross-disciplinary electronic Journal of Religion & Society. Contact 402-280-2504, rsmkns@creighton.edu.
  • Cincinnati.com posts stories and resources about Graham’s June 27-30, 2002, crusade there.

IN THE SOUTHWEST

  • Barry G. Hankins is a history professor at Baylor University in Waco, Texas. His research interests include religion and politics in American history, and Protestant fundamentalism and evangelicalism. He is the author of American Evangelicals: A Contemporary History of a Mainstream Religious Movement and co-author of the forthcoming Baptists in America: A Narrative History. Contact 254-710-4667, Barry_Hankins@baylor.edu.
  • Allen D. Hertzke is Presidential Professor of Political Science at the University of Oklahoma in Norman. His books include Representing God in Washington: The Role of Religious Lobbies in the American Polity and, as co-author, Religion and Politics in America: Faith, Culture and Strategic Choices. Contact 405-325-4713, ahertzke@ou.edu.
  • Bishop T.D. Jakes is pastor of Potter’s House, a 28,000-member nondenominational church in Dallas. He is nationally known for his conferences, books, CDs, plays and ministries, and his popularity has been compared to that of Billy Graham. In 2001, he was the subject of a TIME magazine cover story, “Is this man the next Billy Graham?” Contact 214-331-0954.
  • P. Kent Smith is a professor of ministry at the graduate school of theology at Abilene Christian University in Texas, where he teaches a course on culture and evangelism in North America. Contact kent.smith@acu.edu.
  • Freelance author and editor W. Terry Whalin, a former editor of Decision and In Other Words magazines, wrote the book Billy Graham: America’s Greatest Evangelist. Whalin lives in Colorado Springs, Colo. Contact terry@terrywhalin.com.

IN THE WEST/NORTHWEST

  • Andrew Finstuen is an associate professor of history and director of the Honors College at Boise State University in Idaho. He is the author of Original Sin and Everyday Protestants: The Theology of Reinhold Niebuhr, Billy Graham and Paul Tillich in an Age of Anxiety (2009). Contact 208-426-1122, andrewfinstuen@boisestate.edu.
  • Ted G. Jelen is a political science professor at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas. His books include The Political World of the Clergy. Contact 702-895-3355, jelent@unlv.nevada.edu.
  • Greg Laurie, pastor of Harvest Christian Fellowship in Riverside, Calif., and a nationally known evangelist, serves on the board of directors for the Billy Graham Evangelistic Association and Samaritan’s Purse. A frequent speaker at the Billy Graham School Training Center and the Billy Graham School of Evangelism, he calls Graham one of the biggest influences on his life. Contact 909-687-6902.
  • Richard J. Mouw is an author and is president and professor of theology at Fuller Theological Seminary in Pasadena, Calif., a leading evangelical institution. Contact 626-584-5201, rjmouw@fuller.edu.
  • Chris Soper is a professor of political science at Pepperdine University in California and the author of Evangelical Christianity in the United States and Great Britain: Religious Beliefs, Political Choices. Contact 310-506-4792, csoper@pepperdine.edu.

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